A Guide to Tax Appeal Hearings (Taken from the NJ Division of Taxation Website)
Introduction
This is a copy of a brochure was developed to assist
taxpayers in preparing for tax appeal hearings by the NJ Department of Treasury.
It is intended as an aid to property owners, but
should not be considered as all-inclusive. The
general information provided is derived from
New Jersey laws governing tax appeals:
N.J.S.A. 54:3 et seq. and 54:4 et seq. and
N.J.A.C. 18:12A et seq.
Property taxes are the result of the local budget process and may not be appealed but the property’s assessment may be. A taxpayer considering an appeal should understand that he/she must prove that his/her assessed value is unreasonable compared to a market value standard. By law, your current assessment is assumed to be correct. You must overcome this presumption of correctness to obtain an assessment change.
What is the basis for my assessment?
An assessment is an opinion of value by a licensed professional. For an assessed value to be considered excessive or discriminatory, it must be proved that the assessment does not fairly represent one of two standards:
Property taxes are the result of the local budget process and may not be appealed but the property’s assessment may be. A taxpayer considering an appeal should understand that he/she must prove that his/her assessed value is unreasonable compared to a market value standard. By law, your current assessment is assumed to be correct. You must overcome this presumption of correctness to obtain an assessment change.
What is the basis for my assessment?
An assessment is an opinion of value by a licensed professional. For an assessed value to be considered excessive or discriminatory, it must be proved that the assessment does not fairly represent one of two standards:
- True Market Value Standard - After a revaluation, all assessments in the municipality must be 100% of true market value as of October 1 of the previous year. October 1 pre-tax year is the annual “assessment date.” All evidence for a tax appeal should precede the October 1st assessment date, especially property sales used for comparison.
- “Common Level Range” Standard - To explain the common level range you must consider what happens after a revaluation in your town is completed. External factors such as inflation, recession, appreciation, and depreciation cause values to increase or decrease at varying rates. Other factors such as physical deterioration may change property values. If assessments are not adjusted annually, a deviation from 100% of true market value occurs.
The State Division of Taxation, with local
assessors assisting, annually conducts a
statewide fiscal year sales survey,
investigating most real property transfers. Sale
value is compared to assessed value
individually to determine an average level of
assessment in a municipality. An average ratio
is developed from all bona fide, arm’s length
property sales to represent the assessment
level in your community. In any year, except
the year a revaluation is implemented, the
common level of assessment is the average
ratio of the district in which your property is
situated, and is used by the County Tax Board
to determine the fairness of your assessment.
How do I know if my assessment is fair?
How do I know if my assessment is fair?
- In 1973, the NJ Legislature adopted a formula known as Chapter 123 to test the fairness of an assessment. Once the Tax Board determines a property’s true market value during an appeal, they are required to compare true market value to taxable assessed value.
- If the ratio of assessed value to true value exceeds the average ratio by 15%, the assessment is reduced to the common level.
ExampleDirector’s Ratio = 85%
Common Level Range = 72.25%-97.75% True Value = $95000
Assessment = $94000
Ratio = 98.95% ($94000÷$95000)
Judgment = Reduction in assessed value New Assessment = $80750 ($95000 x 85%)
However, if the assessment falls within this common level range, no adjustment is made.If the assessed value to true value ratio falls below the common level, the Tax Board must increase the assessment to the common level.
Example
Director’s Ratio = 85%
Common Level Range = 72.25%-97.75% True Value = $95000
Assessment = $90000
Ratio = 94.74% ($90000÷$95000) Judgment = No change in assessed value
If the assessed value to true value ratio falls below the common level, the Tax Board must increase the assessment to the common level.
Example
Director’s Ratio = 85%
Common Level Range = 72.25%-97.75% True Value = $95000
Assessment = $67000
Ratio = 70.53% ($67000÷$95000)
Judgment = Increase in assessed value New Assessment = $80750 ($95000 x 85%)
The Chapter 123 test assumes the taxpayer will supply the Tax Board with sufficient evidence to determine the true market value of the property subject to appeal. Appellants should inquire into their district’s average ratio before filing a tax appeal. This ratio changes each October 1 for use in the next tax year.
What is a tax appeal hearing; when may I
appeal; who hears my appeal?
Tax appeals must be filed annually on or before April 1st* or within 45 days of the bulk mailing of the Assessment Notices; or May 1st where a municipal-wide revaluation or municipal-wide reassessment has been implemented. Once filed, a hearing before the County Tax Board is scheduled. The Tax Board consists of members (commissioners) appointed by the Governor. Tax Board Commissioners primarily hear disputes involving assessments. Hearings are usually scheduled during the day, but some Boards schedule differently. Individual taxpayers may represent themselves. Business entities other than sole proprietorships must be represented by an attorney. The taxing district is the opposing party represented by the municipal attorney. The assessor or an appraiser may appear at the hearing as an expert witness. (NOTE: Monmouth County's Date os January 15th)
Who is an expert witness?
Besides your municipal assessor, an expert witness is anyone employed as a real estate appraiser, and designated as such from a legitimate association of professionals,
Tax appeals must be filed annually on or before April 1st* or within 45 days of the bulk mailing of the Assessment Notices; or May 1st where a municipal-wide revaluation or municipal-wide reassessment has been implemented. Once filed, a hearing before the County Tax Board is scheduled. The Tax Board consists of members (commissioners) appointed by the Governor. Tax Board Commissioners primarily hear disputes involving assessments. Hearings are usually scheduled during the day, but some Boards schedule differently. Individual taxpayers may represent themselves. Business entities other than sole proprietorships must be represented by an attorney. The taxing district is the opposing party represented by the municipal attorney. The assessor or an appraiser may appear at the hearing as an expert witness. (NOTE: Monmouth County's Date os January 15th)
Who is an expert witness?
Besides your municipal assessor, an expert witness is anyone employed as a real estate appraiser, and designated as such from a legitimate association of professionals,
according to licensing or certification
requirements of the State of New Jersey. An
expert’s qualifications may be challenged by
the municipal attorney at the hearing.
If you intend to rely on expert testimony at your hearing, you must supply a copy of the appraisal report for the assessor and each County Tax Board member at least 7 days before the scheduled hearing. The appraiser who completes the report must be available at the hearing to testify and to afford the municipality an opportunity to cross-examine the witness.
Is a hearing always necessary?
A hearing is always necessary. If the assessor, municipal attorney, and taxpayer agree to a settlement or otherwise resolve the issues, it may not be necessary for you to attend your hearing. Settlement stipulations must also be submitted to and approved by the County Tax Board. Should the Tax Board disapprove the stipulation, a formal appeal hearing would then be scheduled.
Will the tax appeal hearing be private?
No. All meetings of the County Board of Taxation are public meetings.
When are tax appeal hearings held?
Tax appeal hearings are generally held annually within 3 months of the April 1 or May 1 filing deadline (or between the December 1 filing deadline for added and omitted assessments and Jan 1.) Because adjournments are ordinarily denied, you should make every effort to attend your hearing. If you miss or do not attend your hearing without receiving a written notice of postponement, you may assume the case has been dismissed “for lack of prosecution”. Judgments “for lack of prosecution” are final for the current year and may not be further appealed to New Jersey Tax Court.
What is good evidence to convince the Tax Board to reconsider an assessment?
If I recently bought my property, is this purchase price considered?
Yes, but it does not dictate a change in assessment. Uniformity of treatment requires that value adjustments not be made simply due to a recent sales price. The subject property’s sales price may not necessarily be conclusive evidence of true market value, e.g. foreclosure or estate sale, and is not binding upon the Tax Board. The circumstances surrounding a sale are always important.
Are there special rules for commercial properties?
Yes. Owners of rental income properties must supply an income statement when filing an appeal on special forms provided by the Assessor. Net income generated by a property has a direct bearing on the ability to market the property, and therefore its value. This evidence may be used in arguing both sides of an appeal.
An appeal by a business entity, other than a sole proprietor, e.g. partnership, corporation, LLC, must be prosecuted by an attorney admitted to practice law in New Jersey.
When will I be notified of the Tax Board’s judgment?
By law, the Tax Board must hear and determine all appeals within 3 months of the last day for filing appeals, unless the Director of the Taxation Division grants an extension. Judgments are issued shortly thereafter.
May I appeal the Tax Board judgment?
If you are dissatisfied with the judgment of the Tax Board, you have 45 days from the date your judgment was mailed to file a further appeal with the Tax Court of New Jersey. If your property is assessed for more than $1,000,000 you may file directly with the State Tax Court.
Freeze Act:
If no further appeal is made from a County Tax Board’s judgment, the assessed value set at
If you intend to rely on expert testimony at your hearing, you must supply a copy of the appraisal report for the assessor and each County Tax Board member at least 7 days before the scheduled hearing. The appraiser who completes the report must be available at the hearing to testify and to afford the municipality an opportunity to cross-examine the witness.
Is a hearing always necessary?
A hearing is always necessary. If the assessor, municipal attorney, and taxpayer agree to a settlement or otherwise resolve the issues, it may not be necessary for you to attend your hearing. Settlement stipulations must also be submitted to and approved by the County Tax Board. Should the Tax Board disapprove the stipulation, a formal appeal hearing would then be scheduled.
Will the tax appeal hearing be private?
No. All meetings of the County Board of Taxation are public meetings.
When are tax appeal hearings held?
Tax appeal hearings are generally held annually within 3 months of the April 1 or May 1 filing deadline (or between the December 1 filing deadline for added and omitted assessments and Jan 1.) Because adjournments are ordinarily denied, you should make every effort to attend your hearing. If you miss or do not attend your hearing without receiving a written notice of postponement, you may assume the case has been dismissed “for lack of prosecution”. Judgments “for lack of prosecution” are final for the current year and may not be further appealed to New Jersey Tax Court.
What is good evidence to convince the Tax Board to reconsider an assessment?
As the appellant, the burden is on you to prove that your assessment is in error, unreasonable, excessive, or discriminatory. You must suggest a more appropriate value by showing the Tax Board the market value of the property as of October 1 of the pretax year. To proceed with an appeal, all taxes and municipal charges up to and including the first quarter of the tax year must be paid.
The taxpayer must be persuasive and present credible evidence. Credible evidence is supported by fact, not assumptions or beliefs. Photographs of both the subject property (the property under appeal) and comparable properties are useful in illustrating your argument. Factual evidence concerning special circumstances is necessary. For example, if the property cannot be further developed, e.g. conservation restriction, supporting evidence must be provided. In the context of an appeal, taxpayers can review Property Record Cards which are available at the local tax office.
The most credible evidence is recent comparable sales of other properties of a similar type in your neighborhood. When using comparable sales, a listing of 3 to 5 sales should be attached to your appeal at the time of filing. Your assessor and County Tax Board Commissioners must receive copies of your comparables at least 7 days before your hearing for them to be discussed. Sales ratio forms, called SR-1A’s, (available at the County Tax Board) and deeds (available at the County Clerk’s office) are public records and can be used to identify comparable sales and their significant characteristics. Comparable means that most of the characteristics of your property and the neighboring properties sold are similar. Be able to give full property descriptions and be knowledgeable of the conditions, including financing, of the cited sales. Some characteristics that would make a property comparable are: recent sale price, similar square footage of living area measured from the exterior, similar lot size or acreage, proximity to your property, the same zoning use (e.g. duplex in a duplex zone), and similar age, construction and style of structure.
If I recently bought my property, is this purchase price considered?
Yes, but it does not dictate a change in assessment. Uniformity of treatment requires that value adjustments not be made simply due to a recent sales price. The subject property’s sales price may not necessarily be conclusive evidence of true market value, e.g. foreclosure or estate sale, and is not binding upon the Tax Board. The circumstances surrounding a sale are always important.
Are there special rules for commercial properties?
Yes. Owners of rental income properties must supply an income statement when filing an appeal on special forms provided by the Assessor. Net income generated by a property has a direct bearing on the ability to market the property, and therefore its value. This evidence may be used in arguing both sides of an appeal.
An appeal by a business entity, other than a sole proprietor, e.g. partnership, corporation, LLC, must be prosecuted by an attorney admitted to practice law in New Jersey.
When will I be notified of the Tax Board’s judgment?
By law, the Tax Board must hear and determine all appeals within 3 months of the last day for filing appeals, unless the Director of the Taxation Division grants an extension. Judgments are issued shortly thereafter.
May I appeal the Tax Board judgment?
If you are dissatisfied with the judgment of the Tax Board, you have 45 days from the date your judgment was mailed to file a further appeal with the Tax Court of New Jersey. If your property is assessed for more than $1,000,000 you may file directly with the State Tax Court.
Freeze Act:
If no further appeal is made from a County Tax Board’s judgment, the assessed value set at
appeal is “frozen” for the assessment year and
next 2 years. Exceptions: if changes in
property value occur after the assessment,
date, i.e., added assessments; or via a
complete revaluation/reassessment of all real
property in the district the assessor may revise
value. Property owner may end freeze by
appealing value.
Summary:
A taxpayer filing an appeal should consider:
Summary:
A taxpayer filing an appeal should consider:
1. What was the market value of my property on the preceding October 1st, theFiling Fees: Filing fees for an appeal of an assessed valuation or property classification are listed in the instructions for appeal Form A-1.No fee is required to contest denial of the Senior Citizen/Disabled Person’s or their Surviving Spouses Deduction; Veterans, Surviving Spouses of Veterans or Servicepersons Deduction; or the Exemption for Disabled Veterans or Surviving Spouses of such Veterans.
statutory assessment date? 2. Can I support my opinion of market value
with credible evidence? 3. If a reassessment/revaluation was applied
in the current tax year, is my property
assessed in excess of its market value? 4. If a revaluation/reassessment was not implemented, does my assessment exceed market value or does the ratio of my property’s assessed value to its market value exceed the upper limit of thecommon level range?
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